- Archiver 2 1 5 – Open Create And Convert Archives Epub
- Archiver 2 1 5 – Open Create And Convert Archives Word
- Archiver 2 1 5 – Open Create And Convert Archives Word
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Archive files are files containing named subfiles calledmembers; they are maintained with the program
ar
and theirmain use is as subroutine libraries for linking.Archive Members as Targets
An individual member of an archive file can be used as a target orprerequisite in
make
. You specify the member named member inarchive file archive as follows:This construct is available only in targets and prerequisites, not incommands! Most programs that you might use in commands do not support thissyntax and cannot act directly on archive members. Only
ar
andother programs specifically designed to operate on archives can do so.Therefore, valid commands to update an archive member target probably mustuse ar
. For example, this rule says to create a member`hack.o' in archive `foolib' by copying the file `hack.o':In fact, nearly all archive member targets are updated in just this wayand there is an implicit rule to do it for you. Note: The`c' flag to
ar
is required if the archive file does notalready exist.To specify several members in the same archive, you can write all themember names together between the parentheses. For example:
is equivalent to:
You can also use shell-style wildcards in an archive member reference.See section Using Wildcard Characters in File Names. Forexample, `foolib(*.o)' expands to all existing members of the`foolib' archive whose names end in `.o'; perhaps`foolib(hack.o) foolib(kludge.o)'.
Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets
Recall that a target that looks like `a(m)' stands for themember named m in the archive file a.
When
make
looks for an implicit rule for such a target, as a specialfeature it considers implicit rules that match `(m)', as well asthose that match the actual target `a(m)'. Free solo mac os.This causes one special rule whose target is `(%)' to match. Thisrule updates the target `a(m)' by copying the file minto the archive. For example, it will update the archive member target`foo.a(bar.o)' by copying the file`bar.o' into thearchive `foo.a' as a member named `bar.o'.
When this rule is chained with others, the result is very powerful.Thus, `make 'foo.a(bar.o)' (the quotes are needed to protect the`(' and `)' from being interpreted specially by the shell) inthe presence of a file `bar.c' is enough to cause the followingcommands to be run, even without a makefile:
Here
make
has envisioned the file `bar.o' as an intermediatefile. See section Chains of Implicit Rules.Implicit rules such as this one are written using the automatic variable`$%'. See section Automatic Variables.
An archive member name in an archive cannot contain a directory name, butit may be useful in a makefile to pretend that it does. If you write anarchive member target `foo.a(dir/file.o)',
make
will performautomatic updating with this command:which has the effect of copying the file `dir/file.o' into a membernamed `file.o'. In connection with such usage, the automatic variables
%D
and %F
may be useful.Updating Archive Symbol Directories
An archive file that is used as a library usually contains a special membernamed `__.SYMDEF' that contains a directory of the external symbolnames defined by all the other members. After you update any othermembers, you need to update `__.SYMDEF' so that it will summarize theother members properly. This is done by running the
ranlib
program:![Archiver Archiver](https://img.raymond.cc/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/powerarchiver.png)
Normally you would put this command in the rule for the archive file,and make all the members of the archive file prerequisites of that rule.For example,
The effect of this is to update archive members `x.o', `y.o',etc., and then update the symbol directory member `__.SYMDEF' byrunning
ranlib
. The rules for updating the members are not shownhere; most likely you can omit them and use the implicit rule which copiesfiles into the archive, as described in the preceding section.This is not necessary when using the GNU
ar
program, whichupdates the `__.SYMDEF' member automatically.Dangers When Using Archives
It is important to be careful when using parallel execution (the
-j
switch; see section Parallel Execution) and archives.If multiple ar
commands run at the same time on the same archivefile, they will not know about each other and can corrupt the file.Possibly a future version of
make
will provide a mechanism tocircumvent this problem by serializing all commands that operate on thesame archive file. But for the time being, you must either write yourmakefiles to avoid this problem in some other way, or not use -j
.Suffix Rules for Archive Files
You can write a special kind of suffix rule for dealing with archivefiles. See section Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules, for a full explanation of suffix rules.Archive suffix rules are obsolete in GNU
make
, because patternrules for archives are a more general mechanism (see section Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets). But they are retained for compatibility with othermake
s.Archiver 2 1 5 – Open Create And Convert Archives Epub
To write a suffix rule for archives, you simply write a suffix ruleusing the target suffix `.a' (the usual suffix for archive files).For example, here is the old-fashioned suffix rule to update a libraryarchive from C source files:
This works just as if you had written the pattern rule:
In fact, this is just what
make
does when it sees a suffix rulewith `.a' as the target suffix. Any double-suffix rule`.x.a' is converted to a pattern rule with the targetpattern `(%.o)' and a prerequisite pattern of `%.x'.Archiver 2 1 5 – Open Create And Convert Archives Word
Since you might want to use `.a' as the suffix for some other kindof file,
make
also converts archive suffix rules to pattern rulesin the normal way (see section Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules). Thus a double-suffix rule`.x.a' produces two pattern rules: `(%.o):%.x' and `%.a: %.x'.Archiver 2 1 5 – Open Create And Convert Archives Word
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